
Carbon Footprint: A Brief History
By Hannah Brookes
Let’s start by answering the first question; what is a carbon footprint?
‘A measure of the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation, or community.’
– Oxford Dictionary
The carbon footprint is a way of measuring the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation, or product. It does not include only carbon dioxide emissions, but it is expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), hence the name carbon footprint. In short, this means that the measure also includes methane and other greenhouse gas emissions, but these are translated into equivalent impact in CO2, so that it can all be expressed with one unit. A carbon footprint is a useful way to quantify a person or organisation’s contribution towards the warming atmosphere as a result of their emission of greenhouse gasses. As low a carbon footprint as possible is the goal, as this means the impact on the environment is minimal.
The concept of a footprint of impact was first developed in the 1990s by William E. Rees and Mathis Wacker, when they created the ‘ecological footprint’. Ecological footprints are evaluated in comparison to what planet Earth can naturally renew. An ecological footprint assesses how much biologically productive land (or biocapacity) is required to meet the demand of a particular lifestyle, and it is expressed in global hectares. In 2019, the total biocapacity of the earth was approximately 12.2 billion hectares, which works out as just over 1.5 global hectares (gha) per person (assuming a population of almost 8 billion people in 2022). The average ecological footprint of a person living in the UK is 5gha. This means that if everyone in the world lived the same way as we do in the UK, we would need the resources of 3.3 planets. We can see from this that the global ecological footprint is not evenly distributed, with high income countries using more than their fair share of resources, whilst people living in developing countries struggle to meet basic needs. There are just simply not enough resources on this planet for everyone to live as unsustainably as we do in developed countries. This is not to say that we can never achieve this quality of life globally, just that we need to find more sustainable ways to meet the demand on resources.
The ecological footprint indicator considers all aspects of resource demands, and therefore is made up of a family of footprint indicators. The carbon footprint is one of these indicators, alongside others such as water footprints and land footprints. As a result, carbon footprints are more focused than ecological footprints, as they are only concerned with emissions of greenhouse gasses rather than overall resource demands. The focus is therefore shifted more towards the contribution towards global warming, of which greenhouse gasses are the major factor.
The term carbon footprint has been around since the 1990s. So why has it only been within the last 15 or so years that it has made its way into common vocabulary? Well, in 2005 the idea of a personal carbon footprint was popularised by a clever advertising campaign by British Petroleum Company. Yes, that’s right, BP. The biggest oil company in the UK, and one of the world’s seven oil and gas ‘supermajors’. BP. The organisation responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 – the biggest marine oil spill in history and a devastating environmental disaster. BP. The company responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions between 1988 and 2015.
In the campaign, BP instructed people to calculate their own personal carbon footprint in order to learn how to reduce their impact on climate change. They even provided information for how people could ‘go on a low-carbon diet’. This is sounding slightly hypocritical isn’t it…
Other major fossil fuel companies jumped on the bandwagon and together they created a propaganda campaign that successfully shifted the blame for the release of greenhouse gasses and resultant negative consequences away from the fossil fuel industry, and instead onto the individual choices of consumers.
Meanwhile BP made no effort to reduce their own carbon footprint, instead continuing to expand their oil drilling. Their strategy was successful however, the term ‘carbon footprint’ shifted the narrative to focus on awareness of individual actions and lifestyle choices and increased the desire to reduce personal footprints. It also resulted in the creation of carbon footprint calculators.
Nowadays you can easily just go online to calculate your own carbon footprint from one of the many carbon calculators out there. These consider all manner of things such as: your diet; your home; your transport habits; your shopping habits; where you live; what kind of house you live in; who your energy provider is; how much water you use; what appliances you have; if you have pets; where you holiday; what you spend your money on; and more. All these things will affect your personal carbon footprint.
To summarise, the personal carbon footprint is a useful way to evaluate how sustainable your life is. However, we shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that ultimately this measure has originated as a way to shift the blame onto individual people, and away from big companies that actually have the most impact and power to create change. It’s enforcing the idea that we just all need to make personal sacrifices and changes to our lifestyle to combat climate change, when in reality we need big global companies and organisations to take responsibility and address their own carbon footprints! These conglomerates have created a society within which it is extremely difficult to have a low carbon footprint. You don’t need to look far to see it: diesel cars are still cheaper than electric; most of the energy in the UK is still sourced from fossil fuels rather than renewables; food flown from across the world is often cheaper than locally sourced goods; fast fashion is cheaper and more accessible than sustainable fashion; and most products are still wrapped in single use plastic packaging. Without these organisations making some serious changes, there is a limit to how much individuals can do. Of course, this isn’t to say that we shouldn’t all be doing our best to live our most sustainable, environmentally friendly lives, just that the blame shouldn’t be entirely on us as individual people. I am a big believer that to make a difference change needs to be seen in both individuals AND large corporations, and that it is only by working together that we will see positive changes going into the future.
FIGURE REFERENCES
Sarah Lazarovic, 2020. A Brief (and Frustrating) History of the Carbon Footprint [Online]. YES! Solutions Journalism. Available from: https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2020/07/21/carbon-footprint-big-oil [Accessed 14 March 2022].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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